Note

You can download this example as a Jupyter notebook or start it in interactive mode.

Optimization with Linopy

In PyPSA v0.22, an additional optimization module was introduced to the package. It is built on Linopy and aims at

• performance as we know it from the native PyPSA optimization (lopf with pyomo=False)

• flexibility as we know from the Pyomo implementation

• usability as we know from pandas/xarray

Linopy is a stand-alone package and works similar to Pyomo, but without the memory overhead and much faster. In the long-term, we are planning to slowly migrate towards the Linopy-based optimization only. In order to facilitate the transmission from the native PyPSA optimization (lopf with pyomo=False), the module pypsa.optimization.compat provides functions similar to pypsa.linopt. Have a look at our migration guide (next notebook).

If you don’t have any code to migrate, we recommend to directly use the Linopy functions instead.

For additional information on the Linopy package, have a look at the documentation.

Let’s get started

Now, we demonstrate the behaviour of the optimization with linopy. The core functions for the optimization can be called via the Network.optimize accessor. The accessor is used for creating, solving, modifying the optimization problem. Further, it supports to run different optimization formulations and provides helper functions.

At first, we run the ordinary linearized optimal power flow (LOPF). We then extend the formulation by some additional constraints.

import pypsa
import pandas as pd

ERROR 1: PROJ: proj_create_from_database: Open of /home/docs/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/latest/share/proj failed

n = pypsa.examples.ac_dc_meshed(from_master=True)

WARNING:pypsa.io:Importing network from PyPSA version v0.17.1 while current version is v0.27.1. Read the release notes at https://pypsa.readthedocs.io/en/latest/release_notes.html to prepare your network for import.

INFO:pypsa.io:Imported network ac-dc-meshed.nc has buses, carriers, generators, global_constraints, lines, links, loads

In order to make the network a bit more interesting, we modify its data: We set gas generators to non-extendable,

n.generators.loc[n.generators.carrier == "gas", "p_nom_extendable"] = False

… add ramp limits,

n.generators.loc[n.generators.carrier == "gas", "ramp_limit_down"] = 0.2
n.generators.loc[n.generators.carrier == "gas", "ramp_limit_up"] = 0.2

… add additional storage units (cyclic and non-cyclic) and fix one state_of_charge,

n.add(
    "StorageUnit",
    "su",
    bus="Manchester",
    marginal_cost=10,
    inflow=50,
    p_nom_extendable=True,
    capital_cost=10,
    p_nom=2000,
    efficiency_dispatch=0.5,
    cyclic_state_of_charge=True,
    state_of_charge_initial=1000,
)

n.add(
    "StorageUnit",
    "su2",
    bus="Manchester",
    marginal_cost=10,
    p_nom_extendable=True,
    capital_cost=50,
    p_nom=2000,
    efficiency_dispatch=0.5,
    carrier="gas",
    cyclic_state_of_charge=False,
    state_of_charge_initial=1000,
)

n.storage_units_t.state_of_charge_set.loc[n.snapshots[7], "su"] = 100

…and add an additional store.

n.add("Bus", "storebus", carrier="hydro", x=-5, y=55)
n.madd(
    "Link",
    ["battery_power", "battery_discharge"],
    "",
    bus0=["Manchester", "storebus"],
    bus1=["storebus", "Manchester"],
    p_nom=100,
    efficiency=0.9,
    p_nom_extendable=True,
    p_nom_max=1000,
)
n.madd(
    "Store",
    ["store"],
    bus="storebus",
    e_nom=2000,
    e_nom_extendable=True,
    marginal_cost=10,
    capital_cost=10,
    e_nom_max=5000,
    e_initial=100,
    e_cyclic=True,
);

Ordinary Optimization

Per default, the optimization based on linopy mimics the well-known n.lopf optimization. We run it by calling the optimize accessor.

n.optimize()

WARNING:pypsa.components:The following lines have zero x, which could break the linear load flow:
Index(['2', '3', '4'], dtype='object', name='Line')

WARNING:pypsa.components:The following lines have zero r, which could break the linear load flow:
Index(['0', '1', '5', '6'], dtype='object', name='Line')

WARNING:pypsa.components:The following lines have zero x, which could break the linear load flow:
Index(['2', '3', '4'], dtype='object', name='Line')

WARNING:pypsa.components:The following lines have zero r, which could break the linear load flow:
Index(['0', '1', '5', '6'], dtype='object', name='Line')

INFO:linopy.model: Solve problem using Glpk solver

INFO:linopy.io: Writing time: 0.15s

INFO:linopy.solvers:GLPSOL--GLPK LP/MIP Solver 5.0
Parameter(s) specified in the command line:
 --lp /tmp/linopy-problem-bd78g9w8.lp --output /tmp/linopy-solve-3c16o80t.sol
Reading problem data from '/tmp/linopy-problem-bd78g9w8.lp'...
748 rows, 300 columns, 1571 non-zeros
4205 lines were read
GLPK Simplex Optimizer 5.0
748 rows, 300 columns, 1571 non-zeros
Preprocessing...
544 rows, 288 columns, 1354 non-zeros
Scaling...
 A: min|aij| =  9.693e-03  max|aij| =  2.000e+00  ratio =  2.063e+02
GM: min|aij| =  5.541e-01  max|aij| =  1.805e+00  ratio =  3.257e+00
EQ: min|aij| =  3.118e-01  max|aij| =  1.000e+00  ratio =  3.207e+00
Constructing initial basis...
Size of triangular part is 543
      0: obj =   3.234549052e+03 inf =   7.824e+04 (101)
    137: obj =   4.262375488e+07 inf =   3.126e-12 (0) 1
*   259: obj =   1.412123769e+07 inf =   7.958e-13 (0) 1
OPTIMAL LP SOLUTION FOUND
Time used:   0.0 secs
Memory used: 0.9 Mb (962113 bytes)
Writing basic solution to '/tmp/linopy-solve-3c16o80t.sol'...

INFO:linopy.constants: Optimization successful:
Status: ok
Termination condition: optimal
Solution: 300 primals, 748 duals
Objective: 1.41e+07
Solver model: not available
Solver message: optimal

/home/docs/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/latest/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pypsa/optimization/optimize.py:357: FutureWarning: A value is trying to be set on a copy of a DataFrame or Series through chained assignment using an inplace method.
The behavior will change in pandas 3.0. This inplace method will never work because the intermediate object on which we are setting values always behaves as a copy.

For example, when doing 'df[col].method(value, inplace=True)', try using 'df.method({col: value}, inplace=True)' or df[col] = df[col].method(value) instead, to perform the operation inplace on the original object.


  n.df(c)[attr + "_opt"].update(df)
INFO:pypsa.optimization.optimize:The shadow-prices of the constraints Generator-fix-p-lower, Generator-fix-p-upper, Generator-ext-p-lower, Generator-ext-p-upper, Generator-fix-p-ramp_limit_up, Generator-fix-p-ramp_limit_down, Line-ext-s-lower, Line-ext-s-upper, Link-ext-p-lower, Link-ext-p-upper, Store-ext-e-lower, Store-ext-e-upper, StorageUnit-ext-p_dispatch-lower, StorageUnit-ext-p_dispatch-upper, StorageUnit-ext-p_store-lower, StorageUnit-ext-p_store-upper, StorageUnit-ext-state_of_charge-lower, StorageUnit-ext-state_of_charge-upper, StorageUnit-state_of_charge_set, Kirchhoff-Voltage-Law, StorageUnit-energy_balance, Store-energy_balance were not assigned to the network.

('ok', 'optimal')

Compared to the native optimization, we now have a model instance attached to our network. It is a container of all variables, constraints and the objective function. You can modify this as much as you please, by directly adding or deleting variables or constraints etc.

n.model

Linopy LP model
===============

Variables:
----------
 * Generator-p_nom (Generator-ext)
 * Line-s_nom (Line-ext)
 * Link-p_nom (Link-ext)
 * Store-e_nom (Store-ext)
 * StorageUnit-p_nom (StorageUnit-ext)
 * Generator-p (snapshot, Generator)
 * Line-s (snapshot, Line)
 * Link-p (snapshot, Link)
 * Store-e (snapshot, Store)
 * StorageUnit-p_dispatch (snapshot, StorageUnit)
 * StorageUnit-p_store (snapshot, StorageUnit)
 * StorageUnit-state_of_charge (snapshot, StorageUnit)
 * StorageUnit-spill (snapshot, StorageUnit)
 * Store-p (snapshot, Store)
 * objective_constant

Constraints:
------------
 * Generator-ext-p_nom-lower (Generator-ext)
 * Generator-ext-p_nom-upper (Generator-ext)
 * Line-ext-s_nom-lower (Line-ext)
 * Line-ext-s_nom-upper (Line-ext)
 * Link-ext-p_nom-lower (Link-ext)
 * Link-ext-p_nom-upper (Link-ext)
 * Store-ext-e_nom-lower (Store-ext)
 * Store-ext-e_nom-upper (Store-ext)
 * StorageUnit-ext-p_nom-lower (StorageUnit-ext)
 * StorageUnit-ext-p_nom-upper (StorageUnit-ext)
 * Generator-fix-p-lower (snapshot, Generator-fix)
 * Generator-fix-p-upper (snapshot, Generator-fix)
 * Generator-ext-p-lower (snapshot, Generator-ext)
 * Generator-ext-p-upper (snapshot, Generator-ext)
 * Generator-fix-p-ramp_limit_up (snapshot, Generator-fix)
 * Generator-fix-p-ramp_limit_down (snapshot, Generator-fix)
 * Line-ext-s-lower (snapshot, Line-ext)
 * Line-ext-s-upper (snapshot, Line-ext)
 * Link-ext-p-lower (snapshot, Link-ext)
 * Link-ext-p-upper (snapshot, Link-ext)
 * Store-ext-e-lower (snapshot, Store-ext)
 * Store-ext-e-upper (snapshot, Store-ext)
 * StorageUnit-ext-p_dispatch-lower (snapshot, StorageUnit-ext)
 * StorageUnit-ext-p_dispatch-upper (snapshot, StorageUnit-ext)
 * StorageUnit-ext-p_store-lower (snapshot, StorageUnit-ext)
 * StorageUnit-ext-p_store-upper (snapshot, StorageUnit-ext)
 * StorageUnit-ext-state_of_charge-lower (snapshot, StorageUnit-ext)
 * StorageUnit-ext-state_of_charge-upper (snapshot, StorageUnit-ext)
 * StorageUnit-state_of_charge_set (snapshot, StorageUnit-state_of_charge_set_i)
 * Bus-nodal_balance (Bus, snapshot)
 * Kirchhoff-Voltage-Law (snapshot, cycles)
 * StorageUnit-energy_balance (snapshot, StorageUnit)
 * Store-energy_balance (snapshot, Store)
 * GlobalConstraint-co2_limit (snapshot)

Status:
-------
ok

Modify model, optimize and feed back to network

When you have a fresh network and you just want to create the model instance, run

n.optimize.create_model();

WARNING:pypsa.components:The following lines have zero x, which could break the linear load flow:
Index(['2', '3', '4'], dtype='object', name='Line')

WARNING:pypsa.components:The following lines have zero r, which could break the linear load flow:
Index(['0', '1', '5', '6'], dtype='object', name='Line')

Through the model instance we gain a lot of flexibility. Let’s say for example we want to remove the Kirchhoff Voltage Law constraint, thus convert the model to a transport model. This can be done via

n.model.constraints.remove("Kirchhoff-Voltage-Law")

Now, we want to optimize the altered model and feed to solution back to the network. Here again, we use the optimize accessor.

n.optimize.solve_model()

INFO:linopy.model: Solve problem using Glpk solver

INFO:linopy.io: Writing time: 0.15s

INFO:linopy.solvers:GLPSOL--GLPK LP/MIP Solver 5.0
Parameter(s) specified in the command line:
 --lp /tmp/linopy-problem-kbxbrxx_.lp --output /tmp/linopy-solve-5zqey0l8.sol
Reading problem data from '/tmp/linopy-problem-kbxbrxx_.lp'...
728 rows, 300 columns, 1511 non-zeros
4086 lines were read
GLPK Simplex Optimizer 5.0
728 rows, 300 columns, 1511 non-zeros
Preprocessing...
524 rows, 288 columns, 1294 non-zeros
Scaling...
 A: min|aij| =  9.693e-03  max|aij| =  2.000e+00  ratio =  2.063e+02
GM: min|aij| =  5.546e-01  max|aij| =  1.803e+00  ratio =  3.251e+00
EQ: min|aij| =  3.122e-01  max|aij| =  1.000e+00  ratio =  3.203e+00
Constructing initial basis...
Size of triangular part is 523
      0: obj =  -1.290279700e+04 inf =   7.479e+04 (61)
    132: obj =   4.039431164e+07 inf =   4.547e-13 (0) 1
*   306: obj =   1.412107457e+07 inf =   1.510e-11 (0) 1
OPTIMAL LP SOLUTION FOUND
Time used:   0.0 secs
Memory used: 0.9 Mb (939361 bytes)
Writing basic solution to '/tmp/linopy-solve-5zqey0l8.sol'...

INFO:linopy.constants: Optimization successful:
Status: ok
Termination condition: optimal
Solution: 300 primals, 728 duals
Objective: 1.41e+07
Solver model: not available
Solver message: optimal

/home/docs/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/latest/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pypsa/optimization/optimize.py:357: FutureWarning: A value is trying to be set on a copy of a DataFrame or Series through chained assignment using an inplace method.
The behavior will change in pandas 3.0. This inplace method will never work because the intermediate object on which we are setting values always behaves as a copy.

For example, when doing 'df[col].method(value, inplace=True)', try using 'df.method({col: value}, inplace=True)' or df[col] = df[col].method(value) instead, to perform the operation inplace on the original object.


  n.df(c)[attr + "_opt"].update(df)
INFO:pypsa.optimization.optimize:The shadow-prices of the constraints Generator-fix-p-lower, Generator-fix-p-upper, Generator-ext-p-lower, Generator-ext-p-upper, Generator-fix-p-ramp_limit_up, Generator-fix-p-ramp_limit_down, Line-ext-s-lower, Line-ext-s-upper, Link-ext-p-lower, Link-ext-p-upper, Store-ext-e-lower, Store-ext-e-upper, StorageUnit-ext-p_dispatch-lower, StorageUnit-ext-p_dispatch-upper, StorageUnit-ext-p_store-lower, StorageUnit-ext-p_store-upper, StorageUnit-ext-state_of_charge-lower, StorageUnit-ext-state_of_charge-upper, StorageUnit-state_of_charge_set, StorageUnit-energy_balance, Store-energy_balance were not assigned to the network.

('ok', 'optimal')

Here, we followed the recommended way to run altered models:

1. Create the model instance - n.optimize.create_model()

2. Modify the model to your needs

3. Solve and feed back - n.optimize.solve_model()

For compatibility reasons the optimize function, also allows passing a extra_funcionality argument, as we know it from the lopf function. The above behaviour with use of the extra functionality is obtained through

def remove_kvl(n, sns):
    print("KVL removed!")
    n.model.constraints.remove("Kirchhoff-Voltage-Law")


n.optimize(extra_functionality=remove_kvl)

WARNING:pypsa.components:The following lines have zero x, which could break the linear load flow:
Index(['2', '3', '4'], dtype='object', name='Line')

WARNING:pypsa.components:The following lines have zero r, which could break the linear load flow:
Index(['0', '1', '5', '6'], dtype='object', name='Line')

WARNING:pypsa.components:The following lines have zero x, which could break the linear load flow:
Index(['2', '3', '4'], dtype='object', name='Line')

WARNING:pypsa.components:The following lines have zero r, which could break the linear load flow:
Index(['0', '1', '5', '6'], dtype='object', name='Line')

INFO:linopy.model: Solve problem using Glpk solver

KVL removed!

INFO:linopy.io: Writing time: 0.15s

INFO:linopy.solvers:GLPSOL--GLPK LP/MIP Solver 5.0
Parameter(s) specified in the command line:
 --lp /tmp/linopy-problem-52rk8cih.lp --output /tmp/linopy-solve-5oagox1j.sol
Reading problem data from '/tmp/linopy-problem-52rk8cih.lp'...
728 rows, 300 columns, 1511 non-zeros
4086 lines were read
GLPK Simplex Optimizer 5.0
728 rows, 300 columns, 1511 non-zeros
Preprocessing...
524 rows, 288 columns, 1294 non-zeros
Scaling...
 A: min|aij| =  9.693e-03  max|aij| =  2.000e+00  ratio =  2.063e+02
GM: min|aij| =  5.546e-01  max|aij| =  1.803e+00  ratio =  3.251e+00
EQ: min|aij| =  3.122e-01  max|aij| =  1.000e+00  ratio =  3.203e+00
Constructing initial basis...
Size of triangular part is 523
      0: obj =  -1.290279700e+04 inf =   7.479e+04 (61)
    132: obj =   4.039431164e+07 inf =   4.547e-13 (0) 1
*   306: obj =   1.412107457e+07 inf =   1.510e-11 (0) 1
OPTIMAL LP SOLUTION FOUND
Time used:   0.0 secs
Memory used: 0.9 Mb (939361 bytes)
Writing basic solution to '/tmp/linopy-solve-5oagox1j.sol'...

INFO:linopy.constants: Optimization successful:
Status: ok
Termination condition: optimal
Solution: 300 primals, 728 duals
Objective: 1.41e+07
Solver model: not available
Solver message: optimal

/home/docs/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/latest/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pypsa/optimization/optimize.py:357: FutureWarning: A value is trying to be set on a copy of a DataFrame or Series through chained assignment using an inplace method.
The behavior will change in pandas 3.0. This inplace method will never work because the intermediate object on which we are setting values always behaves as a copy.

For example, when doing 'df[col].method(value, inplace=True)', try using 'df.method({col: value}, inplace=True)' or df[col] = df[col].method(value) instead, to perform the operation inplace on the original object.


  n.df(c)[attr + "_opt"].update(df)
INFO:pypsa.optimization.optimize:The shadow-prices of the constraints Generator-fix-p-lower, Generator-fix-p-upper, Generator-ext-p-lower, Generator-ext-p-upper, Generator-fix-p-ramp_limit_up, Generator-fix-p-ramp_limit_down, Line-ext-s-lower, Line-ext-s-upper, Link-ext-p-lower, Link-ext-p-upper, Store-ext-e-lower, Store-ext-e-upper, StorageUnit-ext-p_dispatch-lower, StorageUnit-ext-p_dispatch-upper, StorageUnit-ext-p_store-lower, StorageUnit-ext-p_store-upper, StorageUnit-ext-state_of_charge-lower, StorageUnit-ext-state_of_charge-upper, StorageUnit-state_of_charge_set, StorageUnit-energy_balance, Store-energy_balance were not assigned to the network.

('ok', 'optimal')

Additional constraints

In the following, we exemplarily present a set of additional constraints. Note, the dual values of the additional constraints won’t be stored in default data fields in the PyPSA network. But in any case, they are stored in the linopy.Model.

Again, we first build the optimization model, add our constraints and finally solve the network. For the first step, we use again our accessor optimize to access the function create_model. This returns the linopy model that we can modify.

m = n.optimize.create_model()  # the return value is the model, let's use it directly!

WARNING:pypsa.components:The following lines have zero x, which could break the linear load flow:
Index(['2', '3', '4'], dtype='object', name='Line')

WARNING:pypsa.components:The following lines have zero r, which could break the linear load flow:
Index(['0', '1', '5', '6'], dtype='object', name='Line')

1. Minimum for state of charge

Assume we want to set a minimum state of charge of 50 MWh in our storage unit. This is done by:

sus = m.variables["StorageUnit-state_of_charge"]
m.add_constraints(sus >= 50, name="StorageUnit-minimum_soc")

Constraint `StorageUnit-minimum_soc` (snapshot: 10, StorageUnit: 2):
--------------------------------------------------------------------
[2015-01-01 00:00:00, su]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 00:00:00, su]   ≥ 50.0
[2015-01-01 00:00:00, su2]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 00:00:00, su2] ≥ 50.0
[2015-01-01 01:00:00, su]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 01:00:00, su]   ≥ 50.0
[2015-01-01 01:00:00, su2]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 01:00:00, su2] ≥ 50.0
[2015-01-01 02:00:00, su]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 02:00:00, su]   ≥ 50.0
[2015-01-01 02:00:00, su2]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 02:00:00, su2] ≥ 50.0
[2015-01-01 03:00:00, su]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 03:00:00, su]   ≥ 50.0
                ...
[2015-01-01 06:00:00, su2]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 06:00:00, su2] ≥ 50.0
[2015-01-01 07:00:00, su]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 07:00:00, su]   ≥ 50.0
[2015-01-01 07:00:00, su2]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 07:00:00, su2] ≥ 50.0
[2015-01-01 08:00:00, su]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 08:00:00, su]   ≥ 50.0
[2015-01-01 08:00:00, su2]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 08:00:00, su2] ≥ 50.0
[2015-01-01 09:00:00, su]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 09:00:00, su]   ≥ 50.0
[2015-01-01 09:00:00, su2]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 09:00:00, su2] ≥ 50.0

The return value of the add_constraints function is a array with the labels of the constraints. You can access the constraint now through:

m.constraints["StorageUnit-minimum_soc"]

Constraint `StorageUnit-minimum_soc` (snapshot: 10, StorageUnit: 2):
--------------------------------------------------------------------
[2015-01-01 00:00:00, su]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 00:00:00, su]   ≥ 50.0
[2015-01-01 00:00:00, su2]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 00:00:00, su2] ≥ 50.0
[2015-01-01 01:00:00, su]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 01:00:00, su]   ≥ 50.0
[2015-01-01 01:00:00, su2]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 01:00:00, su2] ≥ 50.0
[2015-01-01 02:00:00, su]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 02:00:00, su]   ≥ 50.0
[2015-01-01 02:00:00, su2]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 02:00:00, su2] ≥ 50.0
[2015-01-01 03:00:00, su]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 03:00:00, su]   ≥ 50.0
                ...
[2015-01-01 06:00:00, su2]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 06:00:00, su2] ≥ 50.0
[2015-01-01 07:00:00, su]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 07:00:00, su]   ≥ 50.0
[2015-01-01 07:00:00, su2]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 07:00:00, su2] ≥ 50.0
[2015-01-01 08:00:00, su]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 08:00:00, su]   ≥ 50.0
[2015-01-01 08:00:00, su2]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 08:00:00, su2] ≥ 50.0
[2015-01-01 09:00:00, su]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 09:00:00, su]   ≥ 50.0
[2015-01-01 09:00:00, su2]: +1 StorageUnit-state_of_charge[2015-01-01 09:00:00, su2] ≥ 50.0

and inspects its attributes like lhs, sign and rhs, e.g.

m.constraints["StorageUnit-minimum_soc"].rhs

<xarray.DataArray 'rhs' (snapshot: 10, StorageUnit: 2)> Size: 160B
array([[50., 50.],
       [50., 50.],
       [50., 50.],
       [50., 50.],
       [50., 50.],
       [50., 50.],
       [50., 50.],
       [50., 50.],
       [50., 50.],
       [50., 50.]])
Coordinates:
  * snapshot     (snapshot) datetime64[ns] 80B 2015-01-01 ... 2015-01-01T09:0...
  * StorageUnit  (StorageUnit) object 16B 'su' 'su2'

xarray.DataArray

'rhs'

• snapshot: 10
• StorageUnit: 2

• 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 ... 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0

  array([[50., 50.],
         [50., 50.],
         [50., 50.],
         [50., 50.],
         [50., 50.],
         [50., 50.],
         [50., 50.],
         [50., 50.],
         [50., 50.],
         [50., 50.]])

• Coordinates: (2)
  • snapshot
    (snapshot)
    datetime64[ns]
    2015-01-01 ... 2015-01-01T09:00:00

    array(['2015-01-01T00:00:00.000000000', '2015-01-01T01:00:00.000000000',
           '2015-01-01T02:00:00.000000000', '2015-01-01T03:00:00.000000000',
           '2015-01-01T04:00:00.000000000', '2015-01-01T05:00:00.000000000',
           '2015-01-01T06:00:00.000000000', '2015-01-01T07:00:00.000000000',
           '2015-01-01T08:00:00.000000000', '2015-01-01T09:00:00.000000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[ns]')

  • StorageUnit
    (StorageUnit)
    object
    'su' 'su2'

    array(['su', 'su2'], dtype=object)

• Indexes: (2)
  • snapshot
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2015-01-01 00:00:00', '2015-01-01 01:00:00',
                   '2015-01-01 02:00:00', '2015-01-01 03:00:00',
                   '2015-01-01 04:00:00', '2015-01-01 05:00:00',
                   '2015-01-01 06:00:00', '2015-01-01 07:00:00',
                   '2015-01-01 08:00:00', '2015-01-01 09:00:00'],
                  dtype='datetime64[ns]', name='snapshot', freq=None))

  • StorageUnit
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index(['su', 'su2'], dtype='object', name='StorageUnit'))

• Attributes: (0)

2. Fix the ratio between ingoing and outgoing capacity of the Store

The battery in our system is modelled with two links and a store. We should make sure that its charging and discharging capacities, meaning their links, are somehow coupled.

capacity = m.variables["Link-p_nom"]
eff = n.links.at["battery_power", "efficiency"]
lhs = capacity.loc["battery_power"] - eff * capacity.loc["battery_discharge"]
m.add_constraints(lhs == 0, name="Link-battery_fix_ratio")

Constraint `Link-battery_fix_ratio`
-----------------------------------
+1 Link-p_nom[battery_power] - 0.9 Link-p_nom[battery_discharge] = -0.0

3. Every bus must in total produce the 20% of the total demand

For this, we use the linopy function groupby_sum which follows the pattern from pandas/xarray’s groupby function.

total_demand = n.loads_t.p_set.sum().sum()
buses = n.generators.bus.to_xarray()
prod_per_bus = m.variables["Generator-p"].groupby(buses).sum().sum("snapshot")
m.add_constraints(prod_per_bus >= total_demand / 5, name="Bus-minimum_production_share")

Constraint `Bus-minimum_production_share` (bus: 3):
---------------------------------------------------
[Frankfurt]: +1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 00:00:00, Frankfurt Wind] + 1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 01:00:00, Frankfurt Wind] + 1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 02:00:00, Frankfurt Wind] ... +1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 07:00:00, Frankfurt Gas] + 1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 08:00:00, Frankfurt Gas] + 1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 09:00:00, Frankfurt Gas]        ≥ 6509.525616820881
[Manchester]: +1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 00:00:00, Manchester Wind] + 1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 01:00:00, Manchester Wind] + 1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 02:00:00, Manchester Wind] ... +1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 07:00:00, Manchester Gas] + 1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 08:00:00, Manchester Gas] + 1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 09:00:00, Manchester Gas] ≥ 6509.525616820881
[Norway]: +1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 00:00:00, Norway Wind] + 1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 01:00:00, Norway Wind] + 1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 02:00:00, Norway Wind] ... +1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 07:00:00, Norway Gas] + 1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 08:00:00, Norway Gas] + 1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 09:00:00, Norway Gas]                             ≥ 6509.525616820881

con = prod_per_bus >= total_demand / 5

con

Constraint (unassigned) (bus: 3):
---------------------------------
[Frankfurt]: +1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 00:00:00, Frankfurt Wind] + 1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 01:00:00, Frankfurt Wind] + 1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 02:00:00, Frankfurt Wind] ... +1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 07:00:00, Frankfurt Gas] + 1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 08:00:00, Frankfurt Gas] + 1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 09:00:00, Frankfurt Gas]        ≥ 6509.525616820881
[Manchester]: +1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 00:00:00, Manchester Wind] + 1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 01:00:00, Manchester Wind] + 1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 02:00:00, Manchester Wind] ... +1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 07:00:00, Manchester Gas] + 1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 08:00:00, Manchester Gas] + 1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 09:00:00, Manchester Gas] ≥ 6509.525616820881
[Norway]: +1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 00:00:00, Norway Wind] + 1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 01:00:00, Norway Wind] + 1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 02:00:00, Norway Wind] ... +1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 07:00:00, Norway Gas] + 1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 08:00:00, Norway Gas] + 1 Generator-p[2015-01-01 09:00:00, Norway Gas]                             ≥ 6509.525616820881

… and now let’s solve the network again.

n.optimize.solve_model()

INFO:linopy.model: Solve problem using Glpk solver

INFO:linopy.io: Writing time: 0.16s

INFO:linopy.solvers:GLPSOL--GLPK LP/MIP Solver 5.0
Parameter(s) specified in the command line:
 --lp /tmp/linopy-problem-3i78hlqk.lp --output /tmp/linopy-solve-ul48kc2x.sol
Reading problem data from '/tmp/linopy-problem-3i78hlqk.lp'...
772 rows, 300 columns, 1653 non-zeros
4356 lines were read
GLPK Simplex Optimizer 5.0
772 rows, 300 columns, 1653 non-zeros
Preprocessing...
548 rows, 288 columns, 1416 non-zeros
Scaling...
 A: min|aij| =  9.693e-03  max|aij| =  2.000e+00  ratio =  2.063e+02
GM: min|aij| =  4.602e-01  max|aij| =  2.173e+00  ratio =  4.721e+00
EQ: min|aij| =  2.125e-01  max|aij| =  1.000e+00  ratio =  4.706e+00
Constructing initial basis...
Size of triangular part is 547
      0: obj =   3.234549052e+03 inf =   8.754e+04 (102)
    166: obj =   2.678169432e+07 inf =   3.411e-13 (0) 1
*   297: obj =   1.433711256e+07 inf =   3.582e-14 (0) 1
OPTIMAL LP SOLUTION FOUND
Time used:   0.0 secs
Memory used: 0.9 Mb (982675 bytes)
Writing basic solution to '/tmp/linopy-solve-ul48kc2x.sol'...

INFO:linopy.constants: Optimization successful:
Status: ok
Termination condition: optimal
Solution: 300 primals, 772 duals
Objective: 1.43e+07
Solver model: not available
Solver message: optimal

/home/docs/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/latest/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pypsa/optimization/optimize.py:357: FutureWarning: A value is trying to be set on a copy of a DataFrame or Series through chained assignment using an inplace method.
The behavior will change in pandas 3.0. This inplace method will never work because the intermediate object on which we are setting values always behaves as a copy.

For example, when doing 'df[col].method(value, inplace=True)', try using 'df.method({col: value}, inplace=True)' or df[col] = df[col].method(value) instead, to perform the operation inplace on the original object.


  n.df(c)[attr + "_opt"].update(df)
INFO:pypsa.optimization.optimize:The shadow-prices of the constraints Generator-fix-p-lower, Generator-fix-p-upper, Generator-ext-p-lower, Generator-ext-p-upper, Generator-fix-p-ramp_limit_up, Generator-fix-p-ramp_limit_down, Line-ext-s-lower, Line-ext-s-upper, Link-ext-p-lower, Link-ext-p-upper, Store-ext-e-lower, Store-ext-e-upper, StorageUnit-ext-p_dispatch-lower, StorageUnit-ext-p_dispatch-upper, StorageUnit-ext-p_store-lower, StorageUnit-ext-p_store-upper, StorageUnit-ext-state_of_charge-lower, StorageUnit-ext-state_of_charge-upper, StorageUnit-state_of_charge_set, Kirchhoff-Voltage-Law, StorageUnit-energy_balance, Store-energy_balance, StorageUnit-minimum_soc were not assigned to the network.

('ok', 'optimal')

Analysing the constraints

Let’s see if the system got our own constraints. We look at n.constraints which combines summarises constraints going into the linear problem

n.model.constraints

linopy.model.Constraints
------------------------
 * Generator-ext-p_nom-lower (Generator-ext)
 * Generator-ext-p_nom-upper (Generator-ext)
 * Line-ext-s_nom-lower (Line-ext)
 * Line-ext-s_nom-upper (Line-ext)
 * Link-ext-p_nom-lower (Link-ext)
 * Link-ext-p_nom-upper (Link-ext)
 * Store-ext-e_nom-lower (Store-ext)
 * Store-ext-e_nom-upper (Store-ext)
 * StorageUnit-ext-p_nom-lower (StorageUnit-ext)
 * StorageUnit-ext-p_nom-upper (StorageUnit-ext)
 * Generator-fix-p-lower (snapshot, Generator-fix)
 * Generator-fix-p-upper (snapshot, Generator-fix)
 * Generator-ext-p-lower (snapshot, Generator-ext)
 * Generator-ext-p-upper (snapshot, Generator-ext)
 * Generator-fix-p-ramp_limit_up (snapshot, Generator-fix)
 * Generator-fix-p-ramp_limit_down (snapshot, Generator-fix)
 * Line-ext-s-lower (snapshot, Line-ext)
 * Line-ext-s-upper (snapshot, Line-ext)
 * Link-ext-p-lower (snapshot, Link-ext)
 * Link-ext-p-upper (snapshot, Link-ext)
 * Store-ext-e-lower (snapshot, Store-ext)
 * Store-ext-e-upper (snapshot, Store-ext)
 * StorageUnit-ext-p_dispatch-lower (snapshot, StorageUnit-ext)
 * StorageUnit-ext-p_dispatch-upper (snapshot, StorageUnit-ext)
 * StorageUnit-ext-p_store-lower (snapshot, StorageUnit-ext)
 * StorageUnit-ext-p_store-upper (snapshot, StorageUnit-ext)
 * StorageUnit-ext-state_of_charge-lower (snapshot, StorageUnit-ext)
 * StorageUnit-ext-state_of_charge-upper (snapshot, StorageUnit-ext)
 * StorageUnit-state_of_charge_set (snapshot, StorageUnit-state_of_charge_set_i)
 * Bus-nodal_balance (Bus, snapshot)
 * Kirchhoff-Voltage-Law (snapshot, cycles)
 * StorageUnit-energy_balance (snapshot, StorageUnit)
 * Store-energy_balance (snapshot, Store)
 * GlobalConstraint-co2_limit (snapshot)
 * StorageUnit-minimum_soc (snapshot, StorageUnit)
 * Link-battery_fix_ratio (Link-ext)
 * Bus-minimum_production_share (bus)

The last three entries show our constraints. Let’s check whether out two custom constraint are fulfilled:

n.links.loc[["battery_power", "battery_discharge"], ["p_nom_opt"]]

	p_nom_opt
Link
battery_power	900.0
battery_discharge	1000.0

n.storage_units_t.state_of_charge

StorageUnit	su	su2
snapshot
2015-01-01 00:00:00	1835.75	1000.000
2015-01-01 01:00:00	1836.06	490.091
2015-01-01 02:00:00	1886.06	490.091
2015-01-01 03:00:00	1936.06	490.091
2015-01-01 04:00:00	1986.06	1000.000
2015-01-01 05:00:00	50.00	1000.000
2015-01-01 06:00:00	50.00	50.000
2015-01-01 07:00:00	100.00	156.725
2015-01-01 08:00:00	50.00	140.119
2015-01-01 09:00:00	50.00	50.000

n.generators_t.p.groupby(n.generators.bus, axis=1).sum().sum() / n.loads_t.p.sum().sum()

/tmp/ipykernel_4232/2985613193.py:1: FutureWarning: DataFrame.groupby with axis=1 is deprecated. Do `frame.T.groupby(...)` without axis instead.
  n.generators_t.p.groupby(n.generators.bus, axis=1).sum().sum() / n.loads_t.p.sum().sum()

bus
Frankfurt     0.200000
Manchester    0.200000
Norway        0.637048
dtype: float64

Looks good! Now, let’s see which dual values were parsed. Therefore we have a look into n.model.dual

n.model.dual

/home/docs/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/latest/lib/python3.11/site-packages/linopy/common.py:259: UserWarning: Coordinates across variables not equal. Perform outer join.
  warn(

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 7kB
Dimensions:                                (Generator-ext: 3, Line-ext: 7,
                                            Link-ext: 6, Store-ext: 1,
                                            StorageUnit-ext: 2, snapshot: 10,
                                            Generator-fix: 3,
                                            StorageUnit-state_of_charge_set_i: 1,
                                            Bus: 10, cycles: 2, StorageUnit: 2,
                                            Store: 1, bus: 3)
Coordinates: (12/13)
  * Generator-ext                          (Generator-ext) object 24B 'Manche...
  * Line-ext                               (Line-ext) object 56B '0' '1' ... '6'
  * Link-ext                               (Link-ext) object 48B 'Norwich Con...
  * Store-ext                              (Store-ext) object 8B 'store'
  * StorageUnit-ext                        (StorageUnit-ext) object 16B 'su' ...
  * snapshot                               (snapshot) datetime64[ns] 80B 2015...
    ...                                     ...
  * StorageUnit-state_of_charge_set_i      (StorageUnit-state_of_charge_set_i) object 8B ...
  * Bus                                    (Bus) object 80B 'London' ... 'sto...
  * cycles                                 (cycles) int64 16B 0 1
  * StorageUnit                            (StorageUnit) object 16B 'su' 'su2'
  * Store                                  (Store) object 8B 'store'
  * bus                                    (bus) object 24B 'Frankfurt' ... '...
Data variables: (12/37)
    Generator-ext-p_nom-lower              (Generator-ext) float64 24B 0.0 .....
    Generator-ext-p_nom-upper              (Generator-ext) float64 24B nan .....
    Line-ext-s_nom-lower                   (Line-ext) float64 56B 0.0 ... 0.0
    Line-ext-s_nom-upper                   (Line-ext) float64 56B nan ... nan
    Link-ext-p_nom-lower                   (Link-ext) float64 48B 0.0 ... 0.0
    Link-ext-p_nom-upper                   (Link-ext) float64 48B nan ... -527.1
    ...                                     ...
    StorageUnit-energy_balance             (snapshot, StorageUnit) float64 160B ...
    Store-energy_balance                   (snapshot, Store) float64 80B 521....
    GlobalConstraint-co2_limit             float64 8B -950.5
    StorageUnit-minimum_soc                (snapshot, StorageUnit) float64 160B ...
    Link-battery_fix_ratio                 float64 8B -567.9
    Bus-minimum_production_share           (bus) float64 24B 35.2 45.42 0.0

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • Generator-ext: 3
  • Line-ext: 7
  • Link-ext: 6
  • Store-ext: 1
  • StorageUnit-ext: 2
  • snapshot: 10
  • Generator-fix: 3
  • StorageUnit-state_of_charge_set_i: 1
  • Bus: 10
  • cycles: 2
  • StorageUnit: 2
  • Store: 1
  • bus: 3
• Coordinates: (13)
  • Generator-ext
    (Generator-ext)
    object
    'Manchester Wind' ... 'Frankfurt...

    array(['Manchester Wind', 'Norway Wind', 'Frankfurt Wind'], dtype=object)

  • Line-ext
    (Line-ext)
    object
    '0' '1' '2' '3' '4' '5' '6'

    array(['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6'], dtype=object)

  • Link-ext
    (Link-ext)
    object
    'Norwich Converter' ... 'battery...

    array(['Norwich Converter', 'Norway Converter', 'Bremen Converter', 'DC link',
           'battery_power', 'battery_discharge'], dtype=object)

  • Store-ext
    (Store-ext)
    object
    'store'

    array(['store'], dtype=object)

  • StorageUnit-ext
    (StorageUnit-ext)
    object
    'su' 'su2'

    array(['su', 'su2'], dtype=object)

  • snapshot
    (snapshot)
    datetime64[ns]
    2015-01-01 ... 2015-01-01T09:00:00

    array(['2015-01-01T00:00:00.000000000', '2015-01-01T01:00:00.000000000',
           '2015-01-01T02:00:00.000000000', '2015-01-01T03:00:00.000000000',
           '2015-01-01T04:00:00.000000000', '2015-01-01T05:00:00.000000000',
           '2015-01-01T06:00:00.000000000', '2015-01-01T07:00:00.000000000',
           '2015-01-01T08:00:00.000000000', '2015-01-01T09:00:00.000000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[ns]')

  • Generator-fix
    (Generator-fix)
    object
    'Manchester Gas' ... 'Frankfurt ...

    array(['Manchester Gas', 'Norway Gas', 'Frankfurt Gas'], dtype=object)

  • StorageUnit-state_of_charge_set_i
    (StorageUnit-state_of_charge_set_i)
    object
    'su'

    array(['su'], dtype=object)

  • Bus
    (Bus)
    object
    'London' 'Norwich' ... 'storebus'

    array(['London', 'Norwich', 'Norwich DC', 'Manchester', 'Bremen', 'Bremen DC',
           'Frankfurt', 'Norway', 'Norway DC', 'storebus'], dtype=object)

  • cycles
    (cycles)
    int64
    0 1

    array([0, 1])

  • StorageUnit
    (StorageUnit)
    object
    'su' 'su2'

    array(['su', 'su2'], dtype=object)

  • Store
    (Store)
    object
    'store'

    array(['store'], dtype=object)

  • bus
    (bus)
    object
    'Frankfurt' 'Manchester' 'Norway'

    array(['Frankfurt', 'Manchester', 'Norway'], dtype=object)

• Data variables: (37)
  • Generator-ext-p_nom-lower
    (Generator-ext)
    float64
    0.0 0.0 0.0

    array([0., 0., 0.])

  • Generator-ext-p_nom-upper
    (Generator-ext)
    float64
    nan nan nan

    array([nan, nan, nan])

  • Line-ext-s_nom-lower
    (Line-ext)
    float64
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    array([0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.])

  • Line-ext-s_nom-upper
    (Line-ext)
    float64
    nan nan nan nan nan nan nan

    array([nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan])

  • Link-ext-p_nom-lower
    (Link-ext)
    float64
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    array([0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.])

  • Link-ext-p_nom-upper
    (Link-ext)
    float64
    nan nan nan nan 0.0 -527.1

    array([     nan,      nan,      nan,      nan,    0.   , -527.101])

  • Store-ext-e_nom-lower
    (Store-ext)
    float64
    0.0

    array([0.])

  • Store-ext-e_nom-upper
    (Store-ext)
    float64
    0.0

    array([0.])

  • StorageUnit-ext-p_nom-lower
    (StorageUnit-ext)
    float64
    0.0 0.0

    array([0., 0.])

  • StorageUnit-ext-p_nom-upper
    (StorageUnit-ext)
    float64
    nan nan

    array([nan, nan])

  • Generator-fix-p-lower
    (snapshot, Generator-fix)
    float64
    320.4 355.3 327.4 ... 43.23 15.62

    array([[320.401  , 355.276  , 327.399  ],
           [ 20.     ,  54.3421 ,  26.7339 ],
           [132.252  , 166.594  , 138.986  ],
           [132.252  , 166.594  , 138.986  ],
           [320.401  , 354.743  , 327.335  ],
           [  0.     ,  34.2077 ,   6.59951],
           [  0.     ,  34.3421 ,   6.73388],
           [314.845  , 349.22   , 321.573  ],
           [  8.88889,  43.231  ,  15.4117 ],
           [  8.88889,  43.231  ,  15.6228 ]])

  • Generator-fix-p-upper
    (snapshot, Generator-fix)
    float64
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0.]])

  • Generator-ext-p-lower
    (snapshot, Generator-ext)
    float64
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    array([[0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0.],
           [0., 0., 0.]])

  • Generator-ext-p-upper
    (snapshot, Generator-ext)
    float64
    -335.7 -289.8 ... -601.8 -637.0

    array([[-335.709, -289.778, -325.237],
           [-636.11 , -590.712, -625.902],
           [-523.858, -478.459, -513.65 ],
           [-523.858, -478.459, -513.65 ],
           [-335.709, -290.311, -325.301],
           [-656.11 , -610.846, -646.037],
           [-656.11 , -610.712, -645.902],
           [-341.265, -295.834, -331.063],
           [-647.221, -601.823, -637.225],
           [-647.221, -601.823, -637.013]])

  • Generator-fix-p-ramp_limit_up
    (snapshot, Generator-fix)
    float64
    nan nan nan 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    array([[nan, nan, nan],
           [ 0.,  0.,  0.],
           [ 0.,  0.,  0.],
           [ 0.,  0.,  0.],
           [ 0.,  0.,  0.],
           [ 0.,  0.,  0.],
           [ 0.,  0.,  0.],
           [ 0.,  0.,  0.],
           [ 0.,  0.,  0.],
           [ 0.,  0.,  0.]])

  • Generator-fix-p-ramp_limit_down
    (snapshot, Generator-fix)
    float64
    nan nan nan 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    array([[nan, nan, nan],
           [ 0.,  0.,  0.],
           [ 0.,  0.,  0.],
           [ 0.,  0.,  0.],
           [ 0.,  0.,  0.],
           [ 0.,  0.,  0.],
           [ 0.,  0.,  0.],
           [ 0.,  0.,  0.],
           [ 0.,  0.,  0.],
           [ 0.,  0.,  0.]])

  • Line-ext-s-lower
    (snapshot, Line-ext)
    float64
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1291 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0

    array([[0.      , 0.      , 0.      , 0.129126, 0.      , 0.      ,
            0.      ],
           [0.      , 0.      , 0.      , 0.      , 0.      , 0.      ,
            0.      ],
           [0.      , 0.      , 0.      , 0.      , 0.      , 0.      ,
            0.      ],
           [0.      , 0.      , 0.      , 0.      , 0.      , 0.      ,
            0.      ],
           [0.      , 0.      , 0.      , 0.      , 0.      , 0.      ,
            0.2     ],
           [0.136716, 0.      , 0.      , 0.      , 0.      , 0.      ,
            0.      ],
           [0.      , 0.      , 0.      , 0.      , 0.      , 0.      ,
            0.      ],
           [0.      , 0.      , 0.      , 0.      , 0.      , 0.      ,
            0.      ],
           [0.      , 0.      , 0.      , 0.      , 0.      , 0.      ,
            0.      ],
           [0.      , 0.      , 0.      , 0.      , 0.      , 0.      ,
            0.      ]])

  • Line-ext-s-upper
    (snapshot, Line-ext)
    float64
    0.0 0.0 -0.008673 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0

    array([[ 0.        ,  0.        , -0.00867342,  0.        ,  0.        ,
             0.        ,  0.        ],
           [ 0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,
             0.        ,  0.        ],
           [ 0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,
             0.        ,  0.        ],
           [ 0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,
             0.        ,  0.        ],
           [ 0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,
             0.        ,  0.        ],
           [ 0.        , -0.133492  ,  0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,
             0.        ,  0.        ],
           [ 0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,
             0.        ,  0.        ],
           [ 0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        , -0.0624299 ,
            -0.0218525 ,  0.        ],
           [ 0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,
             0.        ,  0.        ],
           [ 0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,
             0.        ,  0.        ]])

  • Link-ext-p-lower
    (snapshot, Link-ext)
    float64
    0.2333 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 114.4 0.0

    array([[2.33333e-01, 0.00000e+00, 0.00000e+00, 5.10286e-01, 0.00000e+00,
            2.70361e+02],
           [0.00000e+00, 0.00000e+00, 0.00000e+00, 0.00000e+00, 1.12252e+02,
            0.00000e+00],
           [0.00000e+00, 0.00000e+00, 0.00000e+00, 0.00000e+00, 0.00000e+00,
            1.01027e+02],
           [0.00000e+00, 0.00000e+00, 0.00000e+00, 0.00000e+00, 0.00000e+00,
            1.01027e+02],
           [0.00000e+00, 0.00000e+00, 0.00000e+00, 0.00000e+00, 0.00000e+00,
            2.70361e+02],
           [0.00000e+00, 0.00000e+00, 0.00000e+00, 5.39441e-04, 1.23252e+02,
            0.00000e+00],
           [0.00000e+00, 0.00000e+00, 0.00000e+00, 0.00000e+00, 1.23252e+02,
            0.00000e+00],
           [0.00000e+00, 0.00000e+00, 0.00000e+00, 6.42419e-03, 0.00000e+00,
            2.75361e+02],
           [0.00000e+00, 0.00000e+00, 2.11111e-01, 0.00000e+00, 1.14363e+02,
            0.00000e+00],
           [0.00000e+00, 0.00000e+00, 0.00000e+00, 0.00000e+00, 1.14363e+02,
            0.00000e+00]])

  • Link-ext-p-upper
    (snapshot, Link-ext)
    float64
    0.0 -0.2222 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0

    array([[   0.      ,   -0.222222,    0.      ,   -0.245566, -188.149   ,
               0.      ],
           [   0.      ,    0.      ,    0.      ,    0.      ,    0.      ,
               0.      ],
           [   0.      ,    0.      ,    0.      ,    0.      ,    0.      ,
               0.      ],
           [   0.      ,    0.      ,    0.      ,    0.      ,    0.      ,
               0.      ],
           [   0.      ,    0.      ,    0.      ,    0.      , -188.149   ,
               0.      ],
           [   0.      ,    0.      ,    0.      ,    0.      ,    0.      ,
              -8.      ],
           [   0.      ,    0.      ,    0.      ,    0.      ,    0.      ,
              -8.      ],
           [   0.      ,    0.      ,    0.      ,    0.      , -191.593   ,
               0.      ],
           [   0.      ,    0.      ,    0.      ,   -0.211111,    0.      ,
               0.      ],
           [   0.      ,    0.      ,    0.      ,    0.      ,    0.      ,
               0.      ]])

  • Store-ext-e-lower
    (snapshot, Store-ext)
    float64
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 10.0

    array([[ 0.],
           [ 0.],
           [ 0.],
           [ 0.],
           [ 0.],
           [ 0.],
           [ 0.],
           [ 0.],
           [ 0.],
           [10.]])

  • Store-ext-e-upper
    (snapshot, Store-ext)
    float64
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    array([[  0.],
           [  0.],
           [  0.],
           [  0.],
           [-10.],
           [  0.],
           [  0.],
           [  0.],
           [  0.],
           [  0.]])

  • StorageUnit-ext-p_dispatch-lower
    (snapshot, StorageUnit-ext)
    float64
    300.4 220.4 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0

    array([[300.401, 220.401],
           [  0.   ,   0.   ],
           [112.252, 112.252],
           [112.252, 112.252],
           [300.401, 300.401],
           [  0.   ,   0.   ],
           [  0.   ,   0.   ],
           [  0.   , 305.956],
           [  0.   ,   0.   ],
           [  0.   ,   0.   ]])

  • StorageUnit-ext-p_dispatch-upper
    (snapshot, StorageUnit-ext)
    float64
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    array([[0., 0.],
           [0., 0.],
           [0., 0.],
           [0., 0.],
           [0., 0.],
           [0., 0.],
           [0., 0.],
           [0., 0.],
           [0., 0.],
           [0., 0.]])

  • StorageUnit-ext-p_store-lower
    (snapshot, StorageUnit-ext)
    float64
    0.0 40.0 300.4 ... 306.0 306.0

    array([[  0.   ,  40.   ],
           [300.401, 300.401],
           [188.149, 188.149],
           [188.149, 188.149],
           [  0.   ,   0.   ],
           [310.401, 310.401],
           [310.401, 310.401],
           [152.978,   0.   ],
           [305.956, 305.956],
           [305.956, 305.956]])

  • StorageUnit-ext-p_store-upper
    (snapshot, StorageUnit-ext)
    float64
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    array([[0., 0.],
           [0., 0.],
           [0., 0.],
           [0., 0.],
           [0., 0.],
           [0., 0.],
           [0., 0.],
           [0., 0.],
           [0., 0.],
           [0., 0.]])

  • StorageUnit-ext-state_of_charge-lower
    (snapshot, StorageUnit-ext)
    float64
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

    array([[0., 0.],
           [0., 0.],
           [0., 0.],
           [0., 0.],
           [0., 0.],
           [0., 0.],
           [0., 0.],
           [0., 0.],
           [0., 0.],
           [0., 0.]])

  • StorageUnit-ext-state_of_charge-upper
    (snapshot, StorageUnit-ext)
    float64
    0.0 -40.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0

    array([[  0., -40.],
           [  0.,   0.],
           [  0.,   0.],
           [  0.,   0.],
           [-10., -10.],
           [  0.,   0.],
           [  0.,   0.],
           [  0.,   0.],
           [  0.,   0.],
           [  0.,   0.]])

  • StorageUnit-state_of_charge_set
    (snapshot, StorageUnit-state_of_charge_set_i)
    float64
    nan nan nan nan ... -153.0 nan nan

    array([[     nan],
           [     nan],
           [     nan],
           [     nan],
           [     nan],
           [     nan],
           [     nan],
           [-152.978],
           [     nan],
           [     nan]])

  • Bus-nodal_balance
    (Bus, snapshot)
    float64
    290.4 590.8 478.5 ... 541.7 541.7

    array([[290.401, 590.802, 478.549, 478.549, 290.401, 610.937, 610.802,
            295.969, 601.913, 601.913],
           [290.401, 590.802, 478.549, 478.549, 290.401, 610.936, 610.802,
            295.95 , 601.913, 601.913],
           [290.168, 590.802, 478.549, 478.549, 290.401, 610.936, 610.802,
            295.95 , 601.913, 601.913],
           [290.401, 590.802, 478.549, 478.549, 290.401, 610.802, 610.802,
            295.956, 601.913, 601.913],
           [290.136, 590.802, 478.549, 478.549, 290.401, 610.936, 610.802,
            295.962, 602.124, 601.913],
           [290.136, 590.802, 478.549, 478.549, 290.401, 610.936, 610.802,
            295.962, 601.913, 601.913],
           [290.136, 590.802, 478.549, 478.549, 290.201, 610.936, 610.802,
            295.962, 602.124, 601.913],
           [289.868, 590.802, 478.549, 478.549, 290.401, 610.936, 610.802,
            295.924, 601.913, 601.913],
           [290.09 , 590.802, 478.549, 478.549, 290.401, 610.936, 610.802,
            295.924, 601.913, 601.913],
           [531.722, 531.722, 531.722, 531.722, 531.722, 541.722, 541.722,
            541.722, 541.722, 541.722]])

  • Kirchhoff-Voltage-Law
    (cycles, snapshot)
    float64
    0.0 0.0 0.0 ... -0.02215 0.0 0.0

    array([[ 0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,
             0.00326194,  0.        , -0.0221091 ,  0.        ,  0.        ],
           [ 0.0427328 ,  0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,  0.        ,
             0.        ,  0.        , -0.0221482 ,  0.        ,  0.        ]])

  • StorageUnit-energy_balance
    (snapshot, StorageUnit)
    float64
    290.4 250.4 290.4 ... 296.0 296.0

    array([[290.401, 250.401],
           [290.401, 290.401],
           [290.401, 290.401],
           [290.401, 290.401],
           [290.401, 290.401],
           [300.401, 300.401],
           [300.401, 300.401],
           [142.978, 295.956],
           [295.956, 295.956],
           [295.956, 295.956]])

  • Store-energy_balance
    (snapshot, Store)
    float64
    521.7 521.7 521.7 ... 531.7 531.7

    array([[521.722],
           [521.722],
           [521.722],
           [521.722],
           [521.722],
           [531.722],
           [531.722],
           [531.722],
           [531.722],
           [531.722]])

  • GlobalConstraint-co2_limit
    ()
    float64
    -950.5

    array(-950.45)

  • StorageUnit-minimum_soc
    (snapshot, StorageUnit)
    float64
    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 5.556 67.85

    array([[  0.     ,   0.     ],
           [  0.     ,   0.     ],
           [  0.     ,   0.     ],
           [  0.     ,   0.     ],
           [  0.     ,   0.     ],
           [  0.     ,   0.     ],
           [157.423  ,   4.44444],
           [  0.     ,   0.     ],
           [  0.     ,   0.     ],
           [  5.55556,  67.8484 ]])

  • Link-battery_fix_ratio
    ()
    float64
    -567.9

    array(-567.89)

  • Bus-minimum_production_share
    (bus)
    float64
    35.2 45.42 0.0

    array([35.2006, 45.4186,  0.    ])

• Indexes: (13)
  • Generator-ext
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index(['Manchester Wind', 'Norway Wind', 'Frankfurt Wind'], dtype='object', name='Generator-ext'))

  • Line-ext
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index(['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6'], dtype='object', name='Line-ext'))

  • Link-ext
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index(['Norwich Converter', 'Norway Converter', 'Bremen Converter', 'DC link',
           'battery_power', 'battery_discharge'],
          dtype='object', name='Link-ext'))

  • Store-ext
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index(['store'], dtype='object', name='Store-ext'))

  • StorageUnit-ext
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index(['su', 'su2'], dtype='object', name='StorageUnit-ext'))

  • snapshot
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2015-01-01 00:00:00', '2015-01-01 01:00:00',
                   '2015-01-01 02:00:00', '2015-01-01 03:00:00',
                   '2015-01-01 04:00:00', '2015-01-01 05:00:00',
                   '2015-01-01 06:00:00', '2015-01-01 07:00:00',
                   '2015-01-01 08:00:00', '2015-01-01 09:00:00'],
                  dtype='datetime64[ns]', name='snapshot', freq='h'))

  • Generator-fix
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index(['Manchester Gas', 'Norway Gas', 'Frankfurt Gas'], dtype='object', name='Generator-fix'))

  • StorageUnit-state_of_charge_set_i
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index(['su'], dtype='object', name='StorageUnit-state_of_charge_set_i'))

  • Bus
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index(['London', 'Norwich', 'Norwich DC', 'Manchester', 'Bremen', 'Bremen DC',
           'Frankfurt', 'Norway', 'Norway DC', 'storebus'],
          dtype='object', name='Bus'))

  • cycles
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0, 1], dtype='int64', name='cycles'))

  • StorageUnit
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index(['su', 'su2'], dtype='object', name='StorageUnit'))

  • Store
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index(['store'], dtype='object', name='Store'))

  • bus
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index(['Frankfurt', 'Manchester', 'Norway'], dtype='object', name='bus'))

• Attributes: (0)

n.model.dual["StorageUnit-minimum_soc"]

<xarray.DataArray 'StorageUnit-minimum_soc' (snapshot: 10, StorageUnit: 2)> Size: 160B
array([[  0.     ,   0.     ],
       [  0.     ,   0.     ],
       [  0.     ,   0.     ],
       [  0.     ,   0.     ],
       [  0.     ,   0.     ],
       [  0.     ,   0.     ],
       [157.423  ,   4.44444],
       [  0.     ,   0.     ],
       [  0.     ,   0.     ],
       [  5.55556,  67.8484 ]])
Coordinates:
  * snapshot     (snapshot) datetime64[ns] 80B 2015-01-01 ... 2015-01-01T09:0...
  * StorageUnit  (StorageUnit) object 16B 'su' 'su2'

xarray.DataArray

'StorageUnit-minimum_soc'

• snapshot: 10
• StorageUnit: 2

• 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 4.444 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.556 67.85

  array([[  0.     ,   0.     ],
         [  0.     ,   0.     ],
         [  0.     ,   0.     ],
         [  0.     ,   0.     ],
         [  0.     ,   0.     ],
         [  0.     ,   0.     ],
         [157.423  ,   4.44444],
         [  0.     ,   0.     ],
         [  0.     ,   0.     ],
         [  5.55556,  67.8484 ]])

• Coordinates: (2)
  • snapshot
    (snapshot)
    datetime64[ns]
    2015-01-01 ... 2015-01-01T09:00:00

    array(['2015-01-01T00:00:00.000000000', '2015-01-01T01:00:00.000000000',
           '2015-01-01T02:00:00.000000000', '2015-01-01T03:00:00.000000000',
           '2015-01-01T04:00:00.000000000', '2015-01-01T05:00:00.000000000',
           '2015-01-01T06:00:00.000000000', '2015-01-01T07:00:00.000000000',
           '2015-01-01T08:00:00.000000000', '2015-01-01T09:00:00.000000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[ns]')

  • StorageUnit
    (StorageUnit)
    object
    'su' 'su2'

    array(['su', 'su2'], dtype=object)

• Indexes: (2)
  • snapshot
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2015-01-01 00:00:00', '2015-01-01 01:00:00',
                   '2015-01-01 02:00:00', '2015-01-01 03:00:00',
                   '2015-01-01 04:00:00', '2015-01-01 05:00:00',
                   '2015-01-01 06:00:00', '2015-01-01 07:00:00',
                   '2015-01-01 08:00:00', '2015-01-01 09:00:00'],
                  dtype='datetime64[ns]', name='snapshot', freq='h'))

  • StorageUnit
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index(['su', 'su2'], dtype='object', name='StorageUnit'))

• Attributes: (0)

n.model.dual["Link-battery_fix_ratio"]

<xarray.DataArray 'Link-battery_fix_ratio' ()> Size: 8B
array(-567.89)

xarray.DataArray

'Link-battery_fix_ratio'

• -567.9

  array(-567.89)

• Coordinates: (0)
• Indexes: (0)
• Attributes: (0)

n.model.dual["Bus-minimum_production_share"]

<xarray.DataArray 'Bus-minimum_production_share' (bus: 3)> Size: 24B
array([35.2006, 45.4186,  0.    ])
Coordinates:
  * bus      (bus) object 24B 'Frankfurt' 'Manchester' 'Norway'

xarray.DataArray

'Bus-minimum_production_share'

• bus: 3

• 35.2 45.42 0.0

  array([35.2006, 45.4186,  0.    ])

• Coordinates: (1)
  • bus
    (bus)
    object
    'Frankfurt' 'Manchester' 'Norway'

    array(['Frankfurt', 'Manchester', 'Norway'], dtype=object)

• Indexes: (1)
  • bus
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index(['Frankfurt', 'Manchester', 'Norway'], dtype='object', name='bus'))

• Attributes: (0)

These are the basic functionalities of the optimize accessor. There are many more functions like abstract optimziation formulations (security constraint optimization, iterative transmission expansion optimization, etc.) or helper functions (fixing optimized capacities, adding load shedding). Try them out if you want!

print("\n".join([func for func in n.optimize.__dir__() if not func.startswith("_")]))

create_model
solve_model
assign_solution
assign_duals
post_processing
optimize_transmission_expansion_iteratively
optimize_security_constrained
optimize_with_rolling_horizon
optimize_mga
fix_optimal_capacities
fix_optimal_dispatch
add_load_shedding