Note
You can download this example as a Jupyter notebook or start it in interactive mode.
Battery Electric Vehicle Charging
In this example a battery electric vehicle (BEV) is driven 100 km in the morning and 100 km in the evening, to simulate commuting, and charged during the day by a solar panel at the driver’s place of work. The size of the panel is computed by the optimisation.
The BEV has a battery of size 100 kWh and an electricity consumption of 0.18 kWh/km.
NB: this example will use units of kW and kWh, unlike the PyPSA defaults
[1]:
import pypsa
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In [1], line 1
----> 1 import pypsa
2 import pandas as pd
3 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/v0.21.2/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pypsa/__init__.py:10
1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
4 """
5 Python for Power Systems Analysis (PyPSA)
6
7 Grid calculation library.
8 """
---> 10 from pypsa import (
11 components,
12 contingency,
13 descriptors,
14 examples,
15 geo,
16 io,
17 linopf,
18 linopt,
19 networkclustering,
20 opf,
21 opt,
22 optimization,
23 pf,
24 plot,
25 )
26 from pypsa.components import Network, SubNetwork
28 __version__ = "0.21.2"
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/v0.21.2/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pypsa/components.py:50
37 from pypsa.io import (
38 export_to_csv_folder,
39 export_to_hdf5,
(...)
47 import_series_from_dataframe,
48 )
49 from pypsa.opf import network_lopf, network_opf
---> 50 from pypsa.optimization.optimize import OptimizationAccessor
51 from pypsa.pf import (
52 calculate_B_H,
53 calculate_dependent_values,
(...)
62 sub_network_pf,
63 )
64 from pypsa.plot import iplot, plot
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/v0.21.2/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pypsa/optimization/__init__.py:7
1 #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
3 """
4 Build optimisation problems from PyPSA networks with Linopy.
5 """
----> 7 from pypsa.optimization import abstract, constraints, optimize, variables
8 from pypsa.optimization.optimize import create_model
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/v0.21.2/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pypsa/optimization/constraints.py:9
6 import logging
8 import pandas as pd
----> 9 from linopy.expressions import LinearExpression, merge
10 from numpy import arange, cumsum, inf, nan, roll
11 from scipy import sparse
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/v0.21.2/lib/python3.11/site-packages/linopy/__init__.py:9
1 #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
3 """
4 Created on Wed Mar 10 11:03:06 2021.
5
6 @author: fabulous
7 """
----> 9 from linopy import model, remote
10 from linopy.expressions import merge
11 from linopy.io import read_netcdf
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/v0.21.2/lib/python3.11/site-packages/linopy/model.py:22
20 from linopy import solvers
21 from linopy.common import best_int, replace_by_map
---> 22 from linopy.constraints import (
23 AnonymousConstraint,
24 AnonymousScalarConstraint,
25 Constraints,
26 )
27 from linopy.eval import Expr
28 from linopy.expressions import LinearExpression, ScalarLinearExpression
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/v0.21.2/lib/python3.11/site-packages/linopy/constraints.py:21
18 from scipy.sparse import coo_matrix
19 from xarray import DataArray, Dataset
---> 21 from linopy import expressions, variables
22 from linopy.common import (
23 _merge_inplace,
24 has_assigned_model,
(...)
27 replace_by_map,
28 )
31 class Constraint(DataArray):
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/v0.21.2/lib/python3.11/site-packages/linopy/expressions.py:23
20 from xarray.core.dataarray import DataArrayCoordinates
21 from xarray.core.groupby import _maybe_reorder, peek_at
---> 23 from linopy import constraints, variables
24 from linopy.common import as_dataarray
27 def exprwrap(method, *default_args, **new_default_kwargs):
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/v0.21.2/lib/python3.11/site-packages/linopy/variables.py:398
393 roll = varwrap(DataArray.roll)
395 rolling = varwrap(DataArray.rolling)
--> 398 @dataclass(repr=False)
399 class Variables:
400 """
401 A variables container used for storing multiple variable arrays.
402 """
404 labels: Dataset = Dataset()
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/v0.21.2/lib/python3.11/dataclasses.py:1211, in dataclass.<locals>.wrap(cls)
1210 def wrap(cls):
-> 1211 return _process_class(cls, init, repr, eq, order, unsafe_hash,
1212 frozen, match_args, kw_only, slots,
1213 weakref_slot)
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/v0.21.2/lib/python3.11/dataclasses.py:959, in _process_class(cls, init, repr, eq, order, unsafe_hash, frozen, match_args, kw_only, slots, weakref_slot)
956 kw_only = True
957 else:
958 # Otherwise it's a field of some type.
--> 959 cls_fields.append(_get_field(cls, name, type, kw_only))
961 for f in cls_fields:
962 fields[f.name] = f
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/v0.21.2/lib/python3.11/dataclasses.py:816, in _get_field(cls, a_name, a_type, default_kw_only)
812 # For real fields, disallow mutable defaults. Use unhashable as a proxy
813 # indicator for mutability. Read the __hash__ attribute from the class,
814 # not the instance.
815 if f._field_type is _FIELD and f.default.__class__.__hash__ is None:
--> 816 raise ValueError(f'mutable default {type(f.default)} for field '
817 f'{f.name} is not allowed: use default_factory')
819 return f
ValueError: mutable default <class 'xarray.core.dataset.Dataset'> for field labels is not allowed: use default_factory
[2]:
# use 24 hour period for consideration
index = pd.date_range("2016-01-01 00:00", "2016-01-01 23:00", freq="H")
# consumption pattern of BEV
bev_usage = pd.Series([0.0] * 7 + [9.0] * 2 + [0.0] * 8 + [9.0] * 2 + [0.0] * 5, index)
# solar PV panel generation per unit of capacity
pv_pu = pd.Series(
[0.0] * 7
+ [0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.75, 0.85, 0.9, 0.85, 0.75, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.1]
+ [0.0] * 5,
index,
)
# availability of charging - i.e. only when parked at office
charger_p_max_pu = pd.Series(0, index=index)
charger_p_max_pu["2016-01-01 09:00":"2016-01-01 16:00"] = 1.0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In [2], line 2
1 # use 24 hour period for consideration
----> 2 index = pd.date_range("2016-01-01 00:00", "2016-01-01 23:00", freq="H")
4 # consumption pattern of BEV
5 bev_usage = pd.Series([0.0] * 7 + [9.0] * 2 + [0.0] * 8 + [9.0] * 2 + [0.0] * 5, index)
NameError: name 'pd' is not defined
[3]:
df = pd.concat({"BEV": bev_usage, "PV": pv_pu, "Charger": charger_p_max_pu}, axis=1)
df.plot.area(subplots=True, figsize=(10, 7))
plt.tight_layout()
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In [3], line 1
----> 1 df = pd.concat({"BEV": bev_usage, "PV": pv_pu, "Charger": charger_p_max_pu}, axis=1)
2 df.plot.area(subplots=True, figsize=(10, 7))
3 plt.tight_layout()
NameError: name 'pd' is not defined
Initialize the network
[4]:
network = pypsa.Network()
network.set_snapshots(index)
network.add("Bus", "place of work", carrier="AC")
network.add("Bus", "battery", carrier="Li-ion")
network.add(
"Generator",
"PV panel",
bus="place of work",
p_nom_extendable=True,
p_max_pu=pv_pu,
capital_cost=1000.0,
)
network.add("Load", "driving", bus="battery", p_set=bev_usage)
network.add(
"Link",
"charger",
bus0="place of work",
bus1="battery",
p_nom=120, # super-charger with 120 kW
p_max_pu=charger_p_max_pu,
efficiency=0.9,
)
network.add("Store", "battery storage", bus="battery", e_cyclic=True, e_nom=100.0)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In [4], line 1
----> 1 network = pypsa.Network()
2 network.set_snapshots(index)
4 network.add("Bus", "place of work", carrier="AC")
NameError: name 'pypsa' is not defined
[5]:
network.lopf()
print("Objective:", network.objective)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In [5], line 1
----> 1 network.lopf()
2 print("Objective:", network.objective)
NameError: name 'network' is not defined
The optimal panel size in kW is
[6]:
network.generators.p_nom_opt["PV panel"]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In [6], line 1
----> 1 network.generators.p_nom_opt["PV panel"]
NameError: name 'network' is not defined
[7]:
network.generators_t.p.plot.area(figsize=(9, 4))
plt.tight_layout()
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In [7], line 1
----> 1 network.generators_t.p.plot.area(figsize=(9, 4))
2 plt.tight_layout()
NameError: name 'network' is not defined
[8]:
df = pd.DataFrame(
{attr: network.stores_t[attr]["battery storage"] for attr in ["p", "e"]}
)
df.plot(grid=True, figsize=(10, 5))
plt.legend(labels=["Energy output", "State of charge"])
plt.tight_layout()
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In [8], line 1
----> 1 df = pd.DataFrame(
2 {attr: network.stores_t[attr]["battery storage"] for attr in ["p", "e"]}
3 )
4 df.plot(grid=True, figsize=(10, 5))
5 plt.legend(labels=["Energy output", "State of charge"])
NameError: name 'pd' is not defined
The losses in kWh per pay are:
[9]:
(
network.generators_t.p.loc[:, "PV panel"].sum()
- network.loads_t.p.loc[:, "driving"].sum()
)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In [9], line 2
1 (
----> 2 network.generators_t.p.loc[:, "PV panel"].sum()
3 - network.loads_t.p.loc[:, "driving"].sum()
4 )
NameError: name 'network' is not defined
[10]:
network.links_t.p0.plot.area(figsize=(9, 5))
plt.tight_layout()
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In [10], line 1
----> 1 network.links_t.p0.plot.area(figsize=(9, 5))
2 plt.tight_layout()
NameError: name 'network' is not defined