Note
You can download this example as a Jupyter notebook or start it in interactive mode.
Flow Plot Example
Here, we are going to import a network and plot the electricity flow
[1]:
import pypsa, os
import cartopy.crs as ccrs
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
import warnings
from shapely.errors import ShapelyDeprecationWarning
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", category=ShapelyDeprecationWarning)
plt.rc("figure", figsize=(10, 8))
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In [1], line 1
----> 1 import pypsa, os
2 import cartopy.crs as ccrs
3 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/v0.21.2/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pypsa/__init__.py:10
1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
4 """
5 Python for Power Systems Analysis (PyPSA)
6
7 Grid calculation library.
8 """
---> 10 from pypsa import (
11 components,
12 contingency,
13 descriptors,
14 examples,
15 geo,
16 io,
17 linopf,
18 linopt,
19 networkclustering,
20 opf,
21 opt,
22 optimization,
23 pf,
24 plot,
25 )
26 from pypsa.components import Network, SubNetwork
28 __version__ = "0.21.2"
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/v0.21.2/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pypsa/components.py:50
37 from pypsa.io import (
38 export_to_csv_folder,
39 export_to_hdf5,
(...)
47 import_series_from_dataframe,
48 )
49 from pypsa.opf import network_lopf, network_opf
---> 50 from pypsa.optimization.optimize import OptimizationAccessor
51 from pypsa.pf import (
52 calculate_B_H,
53 calculate_dependent_values,
(...)
62 sub_network_pf,
63 )
64 from pypsa.plot import iplot, plot
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/v0.21.2/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pypsa/optimization/__init__.py:7
1 #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
3 """
4 Build optimisation problems from PyPSA networks with Linopy.
5 """
----> 7 from pypsa.optimization import abstract, constraints, optimize, variables
8 from pypsa.optimization.optimize import create_model
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/v0.21.2/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pypsa/optimization/constraints.py:9
6 import logging
8 import pandas as pd
----> 9 from linopy.expressions import LinearExpression, merge
10 from numpy import arange, cumsum, inf, nan, roll
11 from scipy import sparse
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/v0.21.2/lib/python3.11/site-packages/linopy/__init__.py:9
1 #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
3 """
4 Created on Wed Mar 10 11:03:06 2021.
5
6 @author: fabulous
7 """
----> 9 from linopy import model, remote
10 from linopy.expressions import merge
11 from linopy.io import read_netcdf
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/v0.21.2/lib/python3.11/site-packages/linopy/model.py:22
20 from linopy import solvers
21 from linopy.common import best_int, replace_by_map
---> 22 from linopy.constraints import (
23 AnonymousConstraint,
24 AnonymousScalarConstraint,
25 Constraints,
26 )
27 from linopy.eval import Expr
28 from linopy.expressions import LinearExpression, ScalarLinearExpression
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/v0.21.2/lib/python3.11/site-packages/linopy/constraints.py:21
18 from scipy.sparse import coo_matrix
19 from xarray import DataArray, Dataset
---> 21 from linopy import expressions, variables
22 from linopy.common import (
23 _merge_inplace,
24 has_assigned_model,
(...)
27 replace_by_map,
28 )
31 class Constraint(DataArray):
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/v0.21.2/lib/python3.11/site-packages/linopy/expressions.py:23
20 from xarray.core.dataarray import DataArrayCoordinates
21 from xarray.core.groupby import _maybe_reorder, peek_at
---> 23 from linopy import constraints, variables
24 from linopy.common import as_dataarray
27 def exprwrap(method, *default_args, **new_default_kwargs):
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/v0.21.2/lib/python3.11/site-packages/linopy/variables.py:398
393 roll = varwrap(DataArray.roll)
395 rolling = varwrap(DataArray.rolling)
--> 398 @dataclass(repr=False)
399 class Variables:
400 """
401 A variables container used for storing multiple variable arrays.
402 """
404 labels: Dataset = Dataset()
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/v0.21.2/lib/python3.11/dataclasses.py:1211, in dataclass.<locals>.wrap(cls)
1210 def wrap(cls):
-> 1211 return _process_class(cls, init, repr, eq, order, unsafe_hash,
1212 frozen, match_args, kw_only, slots,
1213 weakref_slot)
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/v0.21.2/lib/python3.11/dataclasses.py:959, in _process_class(cls, init, repr, eq, order, unsafe_hash, frozen, match_args, kw_only, slots, weakref_slot)
956 kw_only = True
957 else:
958 # Otherwise it's a field of some type.
--> 959 cls_fields.append(_get_field(cls, name, type, kw_only))
961 for f in cls_fields:
962 fields[f.name] = f
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/pypsa/conda/v0.21.2/lib/python3.11/dataclasses.py:816, in _get_field(cls, a_name, a_type, default_kw_only)
812 # For real fields, disallow mutable defaults. Use unhashable as a proxy
813 # indicator for mutability. Read the __hash__ attribute from the class,
814 # not the instance.
815 if f._field_type is _FIELD and f.default.__class__.__hash__ is None:
--> 816 raise ValueError(f'mutable default {type(f.default)} for field '
817 f'{f.name} is not allowed: use default_factory')
819 return f
ValueError: mutable default <class 'xarray.core.dataset.Dataset'> for field labels is not allowed: use default_factory
Import and optimize a network
[2]:
n = pypsa.examples.ac_dc_meshed(from_master=True)
n.lopf()
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In [2], line 1
----> 1 n = pypsa.examples.ac_dc_meshed(from_master=True)
2 n.lopf()
NameError: name 'pypsa' is not defined
Get mean generator power by bus and carrier:
[3]:
gen = n.generators.assign(g=n.generators_t.p.mean()).groupby(["bus", "carrier"]).g.sum()
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In [3], line 1
----> 1 gen = n.generators.assign(g=n.generators_t.p.mean()).groupby(["bus", "carrier"]).g.sum()
NameError: name 'n' is not defined
Plot the electricity flows:
[4]:
# links are not displayed for prettier output ('link_widths=0')
n.plot(
bus_sizes=gen / 5e3,
bus_colors={"gas": "indianred", "wind": "midnightblue"},
margin=0.5,
flow="mean",
line_widths=0.1,
link_widths=0,
)
plt.show()
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In [4], line 2
1 # links are not displayed for prettier output ('link_widths=0')
----> 2 n.plot(
3 bus_sizes=gen / 5e3,
4 bus_colors={"gas": "indianred", "wind": "midnightblue"},
5 margin=0.5,
6 flow="mean",
7 line_widths=0.1,
8 link_widths=0,
9 )
10 plt.show()
NameError: name 'n' is not defined
Plot the electricity flows with a different projection and a colored map:
[5]:
# links are not displayed for prettier output ('link_widths=0')
n.plot(
bus_sizes=gen / 5e3,
bus_colors={"gas": "indianred", "wind": "midnightblue"},
margin=0.5,
flow="mean",
line_widths=0.1,
link_widths=0,
projection=ccrs.EqualEarth(),
color_geomap=True,
)
plt.show()
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In [5], line 2
1 # links are not displayed for prettier output ('link_widths=0')
----> 2 n.plot(
3 bus_sizes=gen / 5e3,
4 bus_colors={"gas": "indianred", "wind": "midnightblue"},
5 margin=0.5,
6 flow="mean",
7 line_widths=0.1,
8 link_widths=0,
9 projection=ccrs.EqualEarth(),
10 color_geomap=True,
11 )
12 plt.show()
NameError: name 'n' is not defined
Set arbitrary values as flow argument using the MultiIndex of n.branches():
[6]:
flow = pd.Series(10, index=n.branches().index)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In [6], line 1
----> 1 flow = pd.Series(10, index=n.branches().index)
NameError: name 'pd' is not defined
[7]:
flow
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In [7], line 1
----> 1 flow
NameError: name 'flow' is not defined
[8]:
# links are not displayed for prettier output ('link_widths=0')
n.plot(
bus_sizes=gen / 5e3,
bus_colors={"gas": "indianred", "wind": "midnightblue"},
margin=0.5,
flow=flow,
line_widths=2.7,
link_widths=0,
projection=ccrs.EqualEarth(),
color_geomap=True,
)
plt.show()
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In [8], line 2
1 # links are not displayed for prettier output ('link_widths=0')
----> 2 n.plot(
3 bus_sizes=gen / 5e3,
4 bus_colors={"gas": "indianred", "wind": "midnightblue"},
5 margin=0.5,
6 flow=flow,
7 line_widths=2.7,
8 link_widths=0,
9 projection=ccrs.EqualEarth(),
10 color_geomap=True,
11 )
12 plt.show()
NameError: name 'n' is not defined
Adjust link colors according to their mean load:
[9]:
# Pandas series with MultiIndex
# links are not displayed for prettier output ('link_widths=0')
collection = n.plot(
bus_sizes=gen / 5e3,
bus_colors={"gas": "indianred", "wind": "midnightblue"},
margin=0.5,
flow=flow,
line_widths=2.7,
link_widths=0,
projection=ccrs.EqualEarth(),
color_geomap=True,
line_colors=n.lines_t.p0.mean().abs(),
)
plt.colorbar(collection[2], fraction=0.04, pad=0.004, label="Flow in MW")
plt.show()
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In [9], line 3
1 # Pandas series with MultiIndex
2 # links are not displayed for prettier output ('link_widths=0')
----> 3 collection = n.plot(
4 bus_sizes=gen / 5e3,
5 bus_colors={"gas": "indianred", "wind": "midnightblue"},
6 margin=0.5,
7 flow=flow,
8 line_widths=2.7,
9 link_widths=0,
10 projection=ccrs.EqualEarth(),
11 color_geomap=True,
12 line_colors=n.lines_t.p0.mean().abs(),
13 )
15 plt.colorbar(collection[2], fraction=0.04, pad=0.004, label="Flow in MW")
16 plt.show()
NameError: name 'n' is not defined